Epithelial cells lining the lumen of the stomach and small intestine secrete the traditional GI hormones. Endocrinocytes, the hormone-secreting cells, are interspersed amid a considerably larger number of epithelial cells that discharge their products (acid, mucus, etc.) or draw up nutrients from the lumen. GI hormones are produced into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body, influencing the operation of various portions of the digestive tract, the liver, the pancreas, the brain, and a variety of other organs. Hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters all have an influence on gastrointestinal function.
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